Quantification of Sexual Behaviour Traits in Presence of Teaser Male in Relation to Libido and Semen Quality in Buffalo Bull

Screening and selecting bulls for desirable reproductive traits and high libido is known to improve the reproductive performance of the herd. Evaluation of sexual behaviour and semiogram is very useful in demarcating the high fertility bulls. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to quantify the sexual behaviour in presence of male teaser in relation to semen quality in buffalo bulls. Bulls were categorized into two groups (high and low libido) on the basis of reaction time. The average duration of first licking of prepucial area was significantly (p<0.05) lower in high libido bulls as compared to low libido bulls. The average frequency and overall duration of licking of prepucial area until ejaculation in high libido buffalo bulls was significantly (p<0.05) lower as compared to low libido bulls. The average time lag to show flehmen response following sniffing and licking the prepucial area and urine of teaser male was similar (p>0.05) in high and low libido buffalo bulls. The average chin resting time were similar (p>0.05) in high and low libido buffalo bulls. Individual sperm motility (%) and viability (%) was found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) in high than the low libido bulls. Sperm abnormality (%) was significantly higher (P<0.05) in low libido bulls. Therefore, it can be concluded that breeding buffalo bulls can be demarcated for high libido based on quantification of sexual behaviour traits in relation to semen picture

Relationship between Olfactory Dysfunction and Cognitive Impairment in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Background: Olfactory dysfunctions albeit commonly studied in research study are rarely tested in clinical practice and commonly overlooked in elderly. With ageing, rate of decline in olfactory and cognitive functions increases. Diabetic patients are more prone to develop these olfactory and cognitive dysfunctions. Elderly diabetic patients with olfactory dysfunction were found to have increased incidence of cognitive impairment as compared to patients without olfactory dysfunction. So olfactory function testing can be used as screening tool to detect cognitive impairment at earliest and can halt the progression of cognitive impairment by appropriate measures. Methods: A cross-sectional study done on 200 elderly diabetic patients. Olfactory dysfunctions were detected by open essence test and cognitive testing was done with MMSE. Patients with psychosis, apparent dementia, any nasal disease were excluded. Results: Out of 200 patients total number of patients with MMSE <23, 24-26 and >26 were 19, 51 and 150 with average Open Essence (OE) score 6.05±, 6.74±0.92 and 8.5±0.54 respectively indicating that patients with lower OE score were found to have lower MMSE score. Conclusion: With ageing, olfactory as well as cognitive dysfunction increases. Diabetes accelerates these processes substantially. Olfactory dysfunction precedes the development of cognitive impairment. So elderly patients with diabetes should be screened for olfactory functions so that proper measures could be taken to decrease the incidence or severity of cognitive dysfunction.

Study of Cardiac Manifestations in Patients with HIV Infection and Their Correlation with CD4 Count in Indian Population.

Background: HIV continues to be a major global public health issue. In 2014 an estimated 36.9 million people were living with HIV, a global prevalence of 0.8 %. The clinical spectrum of HIV infection encompasses a spectrum ranging from an acute syndrome associated with primary infection to a prolonged symptomatic state to an advanced cardiac disease in HIV affected patients is becoming more prevalent as therapy and longevity improve Infection HIV is one of the causes of acquired heart disease in these patients. With advances in the management of patients living with HIV and AIDS (PLHA), not only survival has increased but manifestations of late stage HIV infection are encountered more often including cardiovascular complications. Aims and Objectives: To determine the prevalence and characteristics of cardiac manifestations in patients with HIV infection and to evaluate their correlation with CD4 count. Methods: During the period of 1 year from July 2015 to September 2016, total 100 cases of HIV/AIDS were included. The occurrence of cardiac involvement in HIV/AIDS cases was determined based on cardiac enzymes, ECG findings & 2D Echocardiography findings. An attempt was made to correlate various cardiac findings with CD4 T cell count. Results: Male to female ratio was 3:1. Common clinical symptoms were fever (68%), cough (44%) & extertional breathlessness (33%) Echocardiographic abnormalities were seen in 54.3% of patients. Reduced ejection fraction (below 50%) and fractional shortening below 30% were the most common cardiac abnormality (46.3%) followed by pericardial effusion (16.66%), pulmonary artery hypertension (11.11%), dilated cardiomyopathy (9.25%), diastolic dysfunction (9.25%), regional wall motion abnormality (1.85%) and valvular regurgitation (5.55%) respectively. Significant statistical positive correlation was observed between low CD4 count and echocardiographic abnormalities (p < 0.001). Pericardial effusion was seen more in patients with CD4 count below 200 (p < 0.05). Maximum number of echocardiographic abnormalities was seen in WHO clinical stage IV. Conclusion: Echocardiographic abnormalities are more prevalent in HIV/AIDS patients and their prevalence increases as the CD4 count falls andoccur more in advanced stage of the disease. So we should aim at starting ART early in HIV infected patients so as to improve the quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS.